People looking for precursors to artificial intelligence often point to science fiction by authors like Isaac Asimov or thought experiments like the Turing test. But an equally important, if surprising and less appreciated, forerunner is American psychologist B.F. Skinnerโs research with pigeons in the middle of the 20th century.
Skinner believed that associationโlearning, through trial and error, to link an action with a punishment or rewardโwas the building block of every behavior, not just in pigeons but in all living organisms, including human beings.
His โbehavioristโ theories fell out of favor with psychologists and animal researchers in the 1960s but were taken up by computer scientists who eventually provided the foundation for many of the artificial-intelligence tools from leading firms like Google and OpenAI. Read the full story.
โBen Crair
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Indigenous knowledge meets artificial intelligence
There is no word for art in most Native American languages. Instead, the closest terms speak not to objecthood but to action and intention. Art is not separate from life; it is ceremony, instruction, design.
A new vanguard of Native artists are building on this principle. They are united not by stereotypical weaving and carving or revanchist critique of Silicon Valley, but through their rejection of extractive data models in favor of relationship-based systems. Read the full story.
โPetala Ironcloud
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